Economic Dualism

Economic Dualism is one of the factors inhibiting economic development of a country. This occurs and is a problem for developing countries.

Economic Dualism is a concept that shows the differences between rich nations and poor, and the differences between the various segments of society.

Economic dualism has 4 main characteristics, namely:

1. Two different situations: one situation is superior and others are inferior that coexist in the same space and time

Example:
Modern production methods in urban and rural traditional production methods. Another example, powerful industrial nations and rich nations are weak and poor, and so on.

2. Chronic nature of the differences, not the transitional

The two conditions mentioned above side by side not merely circumstances are temporary, which will disappear by itself over time.

Example:

Prosperity and poverty internationally is not a simple phenomenon that can be lost because of the time alone.

3. Degree of superiority and inferiority are not showing a declining trend, even on the rise.

The gaps between the two states was even more severe, the more superior the country soared ahead, while inferior country worse off.

Example:
Differences in the productivity of developed countries to developing countries productivity.

4. Linkages between elements of the superior and inferior elements indicate that the superior elemental state only a small effect or no effect at all in elevating inferior elements. In fact, it is often an element of the superior cause retardation conditions (underdevelopment).

More about → Economic Dualism

Learning Games

Learning Games

The game is an activity where players follow different rules to the reality of trying to live up to their goals.

Profit

1. Attractive / interesting

The game provides an interesting framework for learning activities. Interesting game because the game fun. Children and adults are equally likely to react positively to an invitation to play.

2. The existence of new things

As with any departure from the usual classes, the game raises concern because of the fun new things.

3. Atmosphere

Fun, relaxed atmosphere with game development can be beneficial for those who avoid the types of other structured learning activities.

4. Time for the task

Games can keep students interested in repetitive tasks, such as memorizing multiplication tables, etc.

Loss

1. Competition

Activity can be counterproductive competition for students who are less interested in competing.

2. Confusion

Without good management and questioning, students can not get all the excitement of the game and failed to focus on the real goal.

3. Bad Design

Learning to be meaningful, game activity must provide the actual training of academic skills. Fatal weakness of the design is not a good game is the player spends a lot of time to wait for their turn to play, roll the dice, and take action similar trivial.

More about → Learning Games

Entrepreneurship: Entering the Global Market (Part 1)

Motivation For Global Market Entry

The advantage, of course, is one of the most significant reasons for entering the global market. Profits are negatively affected by the cost of preparation to enter the global market, which is too low estimate of the associated costs, and losses due to errors.

The difference between planned results and actual results may be quite large in the first attempt to enter the global market. It is usually recognized by employers. However, there are other things that trigger motivation more entrepreneurs to enter the global market.

The motivation is as follows:

1. Profit

2. Competitive pressures

3. Products or services that are unique

4. Excess production capacity

5. Sales declined in the country dalama

6. Unique market opportunity

7. Economies of scale

8. Advantages in terms of technology

9. Tax advantages

Strategic effects to Global Market Entry

While cause various types of environments and new ways of doing business, global market entry is also accompanied by a set of diverse and widespread problem, which is completely new. Physical and psychological proximity to international markets affect some global entrepreneurs.

Geographical proximity to foreign markets may not always provide a closeness that is felt by foreign consumers. Sometimes the variables of culture, language, and legal factors can create a foreign market is geographically close look a lot psychologically.

Selection of Market Competitors

With so many countries with prospects, critical problems for global operators are foreign market selection and entry strategies. Global entrepreneur must always remember that each data point does not make a trend, so the data are based on less than three periods should be interpreted with caution.

Data were collected and analyzed for the selection of the market will also be used in developing marketing strategies and plans go right. While some market selection models available, one good method to use a five-step approach.

1. Develop appropriate indicators

2. Collect data and turn it into indicators that can be compared

3. Assign weights to each indicator

4. Analyze the data

5. Choosing the right market from market rank

More about → Entrepreneurship: Entering the Global Market (Part 1)

Definition and Types of Learning Model

Definition of Learning Model 
Winataputra in Sugiyanto (2008) suggests that the learning model is a conceptual framework that describes a systematic procedure in organizing learning experiences to achieve specific learning objectives and serves as a guide for learning and crier proclaimed and teachers in implementing learning activities. 

Types of Learning ModelSugiyanto (2008) suggests that there are many models of learning are developed by experts in an effort to optimize student learning outcomes. The learning model include the following: 

1. Contextual Learning Model 
Contextual learning model is the concept of learning that encourages teachers to connect between what is taught by real-world situations students. This lesson also encourages students to make connections between their knowledge and their application in everyday life. Knowledge and skills obtained from the students construct their own knowledge and skills as students learn. 

2. Cooperative Learning Model
Models of cooperative learning is a learning approach that focuses on the use of small groups of students to work together to maximize the learning conditions to achieve learning objectives. 

3. Quantum Learning Model 
Quantum learning model is assembled from a variety of theories or views of cognitive psychology and neurology that much programming already exist. 

4. Integrated Learning Model 
Integrated learning is a learning model that allows students either individually or in groups actively seek, explore, and discover concepts and principles in a holistic manner. This is a learning model that try to combine several subjects. 

5. Problem Based Learning (PBL) 
Problem Based Learning is a learning cognitive psychology that takes as its theoretical support. The focus is more on what the student is doing but on what students think as long as they do it. Enabling teachers themselves as mentors and facilitators so that students can learn to think and solve their own problems.

More about → Definition and Types of Learning Model

What's the Difference and Similarities between the Investment Education Investment Health When Associated with Economic Growth?

Equation

Niken Sulistyowati, et al (2010) says in his study "The improvement of education, leading to increased labor productivity. Increased productivity of labor and other production inputs lead to output increases. Increase in output leads to an increase government revenue. Effects could further encourage increased investment and infrastructure spending. "This suggests that investments in education have a positive impact on economic growth, the higher one's education investment will enhance economic growth.

While Arum Atmawikarta (2002) states "At the micro level, namely at the level of individual and family health is the basis for labor productivity and capacity to learn at school. A healthy workforce is physically and mentally more energetic and stronger, more productive, and earn a high income. At the macro level, residents with a level of good health is an input (input) is important for poverty reduction, economic growth, and long-term economic development. Some of the historical experience proves the success of economic takeoff, rapid economic growth is supported by a significant breakthrough in the field of public health, combating disease and improving nutrition. "So it can bdisimpulkan that health investment is also bringing a positive impact on a country's economic growth.

Based on the description it can be concluded that investments in education and health investment are equally positive effect on a country's economic growth rate. Both (between investments in education and health) are equally have an impact on the productivity of one's work, and which will have an impact on economic growth.

Difference

Good health investment with investment in education is to result in increased economic growth, but after research conducted by Rasidin K. Sitepu and M. Bonar Sinaga (2007) was the effect of health investment on economic growth in Indonesia is greater when compared to investments in education. One result of these studies is that in the event of an increase in government spending on education by 20%, increase real GDP by 2.19% nationally. While at the time there was an increase in government spending on health by 20%, increase real GDP by 3.68% nationally. In addition, at the end of his research conclusions Rasidin K. Sitepu and M. Bonar Sinaga (2007) says that "health investment can reduce poverty by a greater percentage when compared to investments in education."

Based on the description it can be concluded that the health investment over a big impact on economic growth when compared to health investment. In this health investment over a major effect on the national increase in real GDP and reduce poverty.

More about → What's the Difference and Similarities between the Investment Education Investment Health When Associated with Economic Growth?

Distance Education System

As a direct or conventional education system, distance education system also requires a supporting infrastructure of education, so that the general purpose of education can be realized accordance with education levels. Means of supporting usually a lesson modules are sent to students. Facilities can also implement information technology. The emergence of information and communication technologies in distance education is very helpful at all. As can be seen, with the advent of online education or web-school or cyber-school, using the internet facility. Systems approach to teaching is to do with teaching directly or by using the system as the concentration of knowledge. This allows the formation of an opportunity for anyone to participate in various educational levels from kindergarten through college (PT).

Unlike direct the education system, the system requires the management of distance education and educational management of "special", both from the students and the instructor (teacher) for educational purposes can be realized. Education must focus on the instructional needs of students.

From the instructor (teacher), several factors are important to the success of distance education systems is a concern, confident teachers, experience, easy to use equipment, creativity, active learning, and ability to establish interaction and communication with students remotely. Also consider the technical obstacles that may occur, so that distance education can take place effectively.

From the student side, one important factor is the seriousness of the following teaching and learning process at the time the instructor (teacher) does not deal directly with students. At this level, the involvement and the presence of 'the people' around, including a family member plays an important and strategic. Its presence can support the ongoing learning process effectively, but the opposite could also be a barrier. Another factor that is active learning and effective communication. Active participation of students of distance education affects how they relate to the material to be studied.

The success of distance education system supported by the interaction and effective communication and a maximum of teachers and students, interaction between students with different educational facilities such as modules mudul interaction between students with 'the people' around, and the patterns of education active in each of these interactions. Also liveliness and independence of students in the deepening of the material, do the exam, and creativity to find supporting material from other sources such as internet or digital-library.

More about → Distance Education System

Definition of Learning Technology

Formulation of the notion of Learning Technology has undergone some changes, in line with the history and development of learning technology itself. Below are a few definitions of Instructional Technology that has an influence on the development of Learning Technologies.

Definitions Association for Educational Communications Technology (AECT) 1963

"Audio-visual communication is a branch of educational theory and practice that are primarily concerned with the design, and use the messages to control the learning process, include the following activities: (a) learn the weaknesses and strengths of a message in the learning process, (b) structuring and systematization by the and instruments in environmental education, including: planning, production, selection, management and utilization of the components and the overall learning system. The practical aim is the use of each method and medium of communication effectively to help learners to the maximum development potential."

Although still use the term audio-visual communication, the above definition has produced a basic framework for the subsequent development of Learning Technology and to encourage an increase in learning.

Commission definition on the Instruction Technology (CIT) 1970

"In a more general sense, is defined as a medium of learning technology that was born as a result of the communication revolution that can be used for teaching purposes in addition to teachers, textbooks, and the board ..... forming part of the learning technology is television, film, OHP, computer and the other hardware or software."

1994 AECT definition

"Instructional Technology is the theory and practice in the design, development, utilization, management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning."

Although formulated in a more simple sentences, this definition implies that in fact. This definition seeks to strengthen the learning technology as a field and profession, which must be supported by a foundation of solid theory and practice. This definition is also working to improve the region or area of ​​learning technology field activities. In addition, this definition is trying to emphasize the importance of process and product.

If we observe the contents of the content of learning technology definitions above, it appears from time to time undergone a process of learning technology "metamorphosis" to perfection. Which was originally only viewed as a means to a more extensive, than only to the practice-oriented theory and practice, from the product go to processes and products, and finally through the current evolutionary journey of learning technology has become a field and profession.

In line with the development and advancement of science and technology so rapidly, especially in education, psychology and communication it is not impossible in the future of learning technologies will increasingly continue to grow and strengthen themselves as a discipline and profession that can further benefit the achievement of effectiveness and learning efficiency.

Nevertheless, it must be admitted that the development of learning technology and professional fields in Indonesia is still arguably not optimal, both in terms of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation. Businesses would still need a genuine struggle of all parties related to learning technology, both from academics, researchers and practitioners.

More about → Definition of Learning Technology

ABCD Learning Stated Objectives of the Good

ABCD of the goals stated by either giving us an easy process followed to determine the learning objectives.

Audience

Learning objectives to focus on what the pemelajar will know and can do so after the subject was over, and not what teachers do to teach them, then it is important to clearly identify the target pemelajar.

Behavior

The essence of the destination is a verb that describes the new capabilities of the learners will have after teaching. This verb is most likely to communicate our goals clearly when expressed as observable behaviors. We must try to get the behavior or the performance of students who reflect a deep understanding of the real world and ability.

Condition

A statement of learning objectives should include the conditions under which performance will be assessed. In other words, the material or any device that is allowed or not allowed to wear menampilakan students in the mastery of these objectives.

Degree

Ultimate requirements of a well-stated objective is that it indicates the purpose of the standard or criteria for judging acceptable performance. The accuracy or fluency as to what should be shown by the learners.

More about → ABCD Learning Stated Objectives of the Good

Essence of Education-Based Entrepreneurship

Superiority of a nation linked to the ability of its competitiveness with other nations. Necessary to be able to compete with the advantages of both competitive advantage (the ability of HR) and comparative (related to natural resources that are available). Competitiveness refers to the ability to compete a person, group, community or nation against individuals, groups, societies, or other people related to the value of competing against its competitors.

Entrepreneurship-based education is learning the values ​​of entrepreneurship through the planting and maintenance of habituation behavior and attitudes. The curriculum is made must refer to the needs of the nation's competitiveness, as well as vision and mission of the school in producing graduates. Changes in vision and mission is needed in order to produce graduates who are able to increase the competitiveness of the nation, the graduates are not just looking for work but also graduates who are able to create job opportunities.

Indeed, not all fields of science today can be applied in the real world let alone the corporate world, the challenge is to design a curriculum-based entrepreneurship. Curriculum-based entrepreneurship curriculum is expected to be the key that will be the measure of success of the school creates a highly competitive graduate job market.

Entrepreneurship education is one government program, especially the Ministry of National Education which aims to build and develop the creative human spirit, inovati, sportsmanship and self-employment. Entrepreneurship education is at the associate and integrate with other programs, such as character education, economic education and creative entrepreneurship education into school curricula. To build a spirit of entrepreneurship and increase entrepreneurs,

Learning system is currently not fully effective learners build a noble character and national character including the character of entrepreneurship. This is partly indicated by the relatively high unemployment, the number of entrepreneurs who are still relatively few, and moral degradation. Policies to tackle these problems, especially problems associated with entrepreneurship, among others, can be done by way of instilling entrepreneurship education into all subjects, teaching material, extracurricular, and personal development activities, developing educational curricula that provide entrepreneurial education payload that can enhance the understanding of entrepreneurship , cultivate character and entrepreneurship skills, and foster entrepreneurship culture in the school environment.

There are many entrepreneurial values ​​that are considered most essential and appropriate to developmental level of students as much as 17 (seventeen) value should be owned by students and citizens of other schools. Implementation of the core values ​​of entrepreneurship are not directly implemented by the education unit at the same time, but done in stages. The first phase of implementation of entrepreneurial values ​​taken 6 (six) core values, namely:

1. Independent, is the attitude and behavior that is not easy to depend on others in completing tasks
2. Creative, is thinking and doing things to make way for the results differ from the products / services that already exist 
3. Dare to take risks, is the ability for someone to love the job yangmenantang, courageous and able to take the risk of work 
4. Action-oriented is to take the initiative to act, and not wait, before an undesirable event occurs. 
5. Leadership is an attitude and behavior of someone who is always open to suggestions and criticism, it is easy to get along, cooperate, and directing others
6. Hard work, are behaviors that demonstrate serious efforts in completing tasks and overcome obstacles.

It is not meant to limit the planting of values ​​(internalization) of entrepreneurship to all school uniform, but every level of education units can internalize the values ​​of other entrepreneurial independently in accordance with school needs.

Quality education must be improved continuously. The quality of education related to quality processes and products. The quality of the process can be achieved when the learning takes place effectively and learners can experience and undergo the learning process significantly. Product quality is achieved when the students demonstrated a high level of mastery of tugastugas learn according to their needs and demands of life that needs to be applied kerja.untuk world of entrepreneurship education at all levels / levels of education. The education program targeted entrepreneurship education is a unit of education from early childhood education to upper secondary education and non formal education. Through this program are expected to graduate students in all types and levels of education, and citizens of other school has a soul and the spirit of entrepreneurship.

More about → Essence of Education-Based Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurial Strategy: Generating and Exploiting New Business

One important effort in entrepreneurship are new ventures, new businesses include: 1. offers all new products to market; 2. offer an existing product; 3.menciptakan a new organisasai regardless of whether the product is new to competition or consumers.

Creation of a New Business Opportunities

Resources as a source of competitive advantage, when a company starting a new business, these resources can be combined to provide the capacity for firms to achieve superior performance yng, that resource becomes the basis of superior performance over its competitors, resources must be valuable, rare and can not be imitated.

To make a note of the growing business market and technological knowledge, and assess the benefits from new business opportunities.

Strategy for the Exploitation of Business New Business

Source of competitive advantage is to be the first in introducing new products or creating new business for the new venture could allow a profit that could improve performance. Hi this include:

1. Develop an early mover advantage means the cost to be the first to sell a product on the market   
2. Early mover competitive competition, the first few customers continues to grow and will eventually disappear 
3. Early mover in the use of distribution channels, since the beginning have the opportunity to choose and develop strong relationships with suppliers and distribution channels of the most important.  
4. Early mover in consumer satisfaction with goods dihasillkan taste, according to market share target  
5. Early movers gain the skills learned through participation in existing products, to monitor changes in the market that it becomes difficult, building a network.

Consumer uncertainty and disadvantage First Mover

Introducing new products to the market that involves all the elements and there is no uncertainty for consumers about new products that are not convinced that the new product has the advantage of old products, and consumers are reluctant to move new keproduk, the proper way to introduce new products with advertising that is often through the media print and electronic, and with the direction or demonstrating new products at the show or efen-specific efen so that consumers could be interested and willing to become repeat customers.

More about → Entrepreneurial Strategy: Generating and Exploiting New Business

Internal Audit – Marketing

Marketing is the process of defining, pengantisipasian, creation and fulfillment of needs and desires of consumers for products and services. There are seven functions of marketing, namely:

Consumer Analysis

An observation and evaluasai needs, desires and wants of consumers. Consumer analysis involves the procurement of consumer surveys, analyzing consumer information, evaluating strategic market positioning, floating consumer profiles, market segmentation and the determination of the optimal strategy.

Sales of Products / Services

Sales include a lot of marketing activities, such as advertising, sales promotion, publicity, personal selling, sales force management, customer relations, and dealer relations.

Planning Products and Services

Planning products and services include various activities such as test marketing, product and brand positioning, use of the warranty, packaging, determining the choice of products, product features, product style, product quality, the removal of old products, and providing customer service. Test marketing is one of the techniques of planning products and services that are most effective as a test market allows an organization to test alternative marketing plans and new product sales forecasting.

Price Fixing

Five stakeholders (stakeholders) affect pricing decisions (pricing): consumers, government, suppliers, distributors, and competitors.

Distribution

Distribution includes penggudangan, distribution channels, distribution coverage, location of retail, wolayah sales, inventory levels and locations, courier transport, wholesale, and retail. Distribution becomes very important when a company attempted to implement market development strategies or forward integration.

Market Research

Marketing research is the collection, recording and analyzing systematic data on the various issues regarding the marketing of goods and services. Marketing research activities to support all the main business functions of an organization.

Opportunity Analysis

The analysis involves assessing the opportunity costs, benefits and risks associated with marketing decisions. Three steps are required to make cost-benefit analysis (cost-benefit analysis): (1) calculate the total cost associated with a decision, (2) estimate the total benefits of the decision and (3) compare the total cost of the benefit. If the expected benefits exceed total costs, then it becomes more attractive opportunities.

More about → Internal Audit – Marketing

Aligning internal audit Are you on the right floor?

Organizational culture is a pattern of behavior that has developed an organization when the organization learned to cope with problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has proven successful enough to be considered valid and taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think and feel.

Lorsch found that culture can be the success of a company but also can inhibit strategic management because:

1. Sodium absorption ratio is often managers are able to see the changes in external conditions due to be made by the belief that they hold strongly.
2. When a culture proved successful in the past and it will continue to be held despite major strategy change.

In order to successfully compete in world markets, managers must acquire a good knowledge about the power of historical, cultural and religious memoyivasi and encourage people in other countries.

More about → Aligning internal audit Are you on the right floor?

Resource Based View Perspective

Adherents believe that the RBV view of operational performance will be largely determined by internal resources are put into three categories:

1. physical resources, including plant, machinery, raw materials etc.
2.  human resources, including staff, training, experience, skills, etc. 
3. organizational resources, including planning, information systems, patents, etc..

To be valuable, a resource should have an empirical indicators are rare, difficult to imitate and not easy to find a replacement. One can not say absolutely convinced that the external or internal factors that will always or consistently more important in achieving competitive advantage. But more important is how to understand the relationship between both factors.

More about → Resource Based View Perspective

Types and Levels of Communication Word of Mouth (WOM)

Hughes (2005) suggested that the types of word of mouth communication (WOM) can be classified into two types: positive word of mouth communication and the communication of negative word of mouth. Positive WOM communication is the process of delivering information through word of mouth that made by one individual to another individual based on the experience that is positive about a product, service, or company. Meanwhile, negative WOM communication is a process of interaction of word of mouth that is based on negative experiences gained from one individual to another individual of a product, service or company.

Experience that is positive implies that the experience gained either an individual or individuals directly or indirectly to the use of a product, service or company along with the satisfaction or fulfillment of individual expectations. Conversely, negative experiences are the experiences gained in the individual either directly or indirectly, that is not accompanied by contentment. In other words, products or services consumed can not meet expectations (Hughes, 2005).

Associated with the types of WOM communications, Hughes (2005) classifies the word of mouth communication (WOM) to 9 level or levels that started from minus 4 to plus 4. At the level of minus 4, the information conveyed through word of mouth are the things that are negative, whereas the level of information conveyed plus 4 are the things that are positive. Positive WOM communication falls into tiers or levels plus 1 to plus 4, while negative WOM communication belong to the level of minus 1 to minus 4.

Levels of word of mouth communication (WOM) can be described as follows (Hughes (2005):

1.    Levels of minus 4

Levels of minus 4 describes a condition or state of talks about a product or a company that involves many people who complain or kornplain. At this level are often referred to as a public scandal, which means that all the people moving actively to seek out and advise not to use products or services of their respective companies. This situation could adversely impact the company's products bersangkuan even if no immediate action that is anticipatory of internal party companies.

2.    Minus 3 levels

Rate minus 3 describes the condition or circumstances regarding the use of a product or service that is experienced by individuals who continued with the provision of advice to other individuals not to use the product or service in question. Level is different from the level of minus 4 because it has not reached a public scandal.

3.    Depth minus 2

Level minus 2 describes the condition or state of dissatisfaction experienced by individuals associated with the use of the product or service. Dissatisfaction in this level is not indicated clearly in the sense that the individual concerned will not remain silent when asked a question related to the product, but dissatisfaction is shown clearly when the individual consulted associated with the same product.

4.    Levels minus 1

Rate minus 1 describes the condition or circumstances of the individuals who make complaints against a product or service indirectly. Although not active, the condition is still classified in negative WOM communication, so it needs to do a better marketing effort to minimize negative WOM.

5.    Levels of 0

Level 0 in WOM communication describes the condition or circumstances of the individual who uses a product or service without complaint or complaint or indicates satisfaction.

6.    Levels plus 1

Rate plus 1 illustrates the conditions or individual circumstances that indicate satisfaction gained in using a product or service by commenting that good or positive about the product or service.

7.    Levels plus 2

Level 2 in the drawing WOM communication conditions or individual circumstances that indicate its satisfaction for a product or service by providing a good or positive comments with great interest. At this level, the conventional marketing strategies contributed less meaningful because at this level need an accommodation to any individual situation still talk about the benefits of the product concerned.

8.    Levels plus 3

Level 3 describes the condition or circumstances of the individual who tried to convince other people about the advantages of a product or service or in other words, individuals try to convince other people that a particular product or service has a very good quality.

9.    Levels plus 4

Level 4 in WOM communication is the level or the highest level in this kind of positive WOM communication. At this level describes the condition of individuals who talk about the benefits of a product or service on an ongoing basis which means that the individual obtains satisfaction in using the product or service in question. In this stage, companies must be able to maintain customer satisfaction or if the consumer or customer because the customer was not met his expectations, then this level will be turned into a kind of negative WOM communication.

More about → Types and Levels of Communication Word of Mouth (WOM)