Internal Audit – Marketing

Marketing is the process of defining, pengantisipasian, creation and fulfillment of needs and desires of consumers for products and services. There are seven functions of marketing, namely:

Consumer Analysis

An observation and evaluasai needs, desires and wants of consumers. Consumer analysis involves the procurement of consumer surveys, analyzing consumer information, evaluating strategic market positioning, floating consumer profiles, market segmentation and the determination of the optimal strategy.

Sales of Products / Services

Sales include a lot of marketing activities, such as advertising, sales promotion, publicity, personal selling, sales force management, customer relations, and dealer relations.

Planning Products and Services

Planning products and services include various activities such as test marketing, product and brand positioning, use of the warranty, packaging, determining the choice of products, product features, product style, product quality, the removal of old products, and providing customer service. Test marketing is one of the techniques of planning products and services that are most effective as a test market allows an organization to test alternative marketing plans and new product sales forecasting.

Price Fixing

Five stakeholders (stakeholders) affect pricing decisions (pricing): consumers, government, suppliers, distributors, and competitors.

Distribution

Distribution includes penggudangan, distribution channels, distribution coverage, location of retail, wolayah sales, inventory levels and locations, courier transport, wholesale, and retail. Distribution becomes very important when a company attempted to implement market development strategies or forward integration.

Market Research

Marketing research is the collection, recording and analyzing systematic data on the various issues regarding the marketing of goods and services. Marketing research activities to support all the main business functions of an organization.

Opportunity Analysis

The analysis involves assessing the opportunity costs, benefits and risks associated with marketing decisions. Three steps are required to make cost-benefit analysis (cost-benefit analysis): (1) calculate the total cost associated with a decision, (2) estimate the total benefits of the decision and (3) compare the total cost of the benefit. If the expected benefits exceed total costs, then it becomes more attractive opportunities.

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Aligning internal audit Are you on the right floor?

Organizational culture is a pattern of behavior that has developed an organization when the organization learned to cope with problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has proven successful enough to be considered valid and taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think and feel.

Lorsch found that culture can be the success of a company but also can inhibit strategic management because:

1. Sodium absorption ratio is often managers are able to see the changes in external conditions due to be made by the belief that they hold strongly.
2. When a culture proved successful in the past and it will continue to be held despite major strategy change.

In order to successfully compete in world markets, managers must acquire a good knowledge about the power of historical, cultural and religious memoyivasi and encourage people in other countries.

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Resource Based View Perspective

Adherents believe that the RBV view of operational performance will be largely determined by internal resources are put into three categories:

1. physical resources, including plant, machinery, raw materials etc.
2.  human resources, including staff, training, experience, skills, etc. 
3. organizational resources, including planning, information systems, patents, etc..

To be valuable, a resource should have an empirical indicators are rare, difficult to imitate and not easy to find a replacement. One can not say absolutely convinced that the external or internal factors that will always or consistently more important in achieving competitive advantage. But more important is how to understand the relationship between both factors.

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Types and Levels of Communication Word of Mouth (WOM)

Hughes (2005) suggested that the types of word of mouth communication (WOM) can be classified into two types: positive word of mouth communication and the communication of negative word of mouth. Positive WOM communication is the process of delivering information through word of mouth that made by one individual to another individual based on the experience that is positive about a product, service, or company. Meanwhile, negative WOM communication is a process of interaction of word of mouth that is based on negative experiences gained from one individual to another individual of a product, service or company.

Experience that is positive implies that the experience gained either an individual or individuals directly or indirectly to the use of a product, service or company along with the satisfaction or fulfillment of individual expectations. Conversely, negative experiences are the experiences gained in the individual either directly or indirectly, that is not accompanied by contentment. In other words, products or services consumed can not meet expectations (Hughes, 2005).

Associated with the types of WOM communications, Hughes (2005) classifies the word of mouth communication (WOM) to 9 level or levels that started from minus 4 to plus 4. At the level of minus 4, the information conveyed through word of mouth are the things that are negative, whereas the level of information conveyed plus 4 are the things that are positive. Positive WOM communication falls into tiers or levels plus 1 to plus 4, while negative WOM communication belong to the level of minus 1 to minus 4.

Levels of word of mouth communication (WOM) can be described as follows (Hughes (2005):

1.    Levels of minus 4

Levels of minus 4 describes a condition or state of talks about a product or a company that involves many people who complain or kornplain. At this level are often referred to as a public scandal, which means that all the people moving actively to seek out and advise not to use products or services of their respective companies. This situation could adversely impact the company's products bersangkuan even if no immediate action that is anticipatory of internal party companies.

2.    Minus 3 levels

Rate minus 3 describes the condition or circumstances regarding the use of a product or service that is experienced by individuals who continued with the provision of advice to other individuals not to use the product or service in question. Level is different from the level of minus 4 because it has not reached a public scandal.

3.    Depth minus 2

Level minus 2 describes the condition or state of dissatisfaction experienced by individuals associated with the use of the product or service. Dissatisfaction in this level is not indicated clearly in the sense that the individual concerned will not remain silent when asked a question related to the product, but dissatisfaction is shown clearly when the individual consulted associated with the same product.

4.    Levels minus 1

Rate minus 1 describes the condition or circumstances of the individuals who make complaints against a product or service indirectly. Although not active, the condition is still classified in negative WOM communication, so it needs to do a better marketing effort to minimize negative WOM.

5.    Levels of 0

Level 0 in WOM communication describes the condition or circumstances of the individual who uses a product or service without complaint or complaint or indicates satisfaction.

6.    Levels plus 1

Rate plus 1 illustrates the conditions or individual circumstances that indicate satisfaction gained in using a product or service by commenting that good or positive about the product or service.

7.    Levels plus 2

Level 2 in the drawing WOM communication conditions or individual circumstances that indicate its satisfaction for a product or service by providing a good or positive comments with great interest. At this level, the conventional marketing strategies contributed less meaningful because at this level need an accommodation to any individual situation still talk about the benefits of the product concerned.

8.    Levels plus 3

Level 3 describes the condition or circumstances of the individual who tried to convince other people about the advantages of a product or service or in other words, individuals try to convince other people that a particular product or service has a very good quality.

9.    Levels plus 4

Level 4 in WOM communication is the level or the highest level in this kind of positive WOM communication. At this level describes the condition of individuals who talk about the benefits of a product or service on an ongoing basis which means that the individual obtains satisfaction in using the product or service in question. In this stage, companies must be able to maintain customer satisfaction or if the consumer or customer because the customer was not met his expectations, then this level will be turned into a kind of negative WOM communication.

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Understanding Communication Word of Mouth (WOM)

The term communication comes from the Latin stage, namely commimicalio, derived from communis, which means the same. For example, if two people conversing, the conversation is said to be communicative if both, in addition to understand the language used, as well as understand the meaning of material dipercakapkan (Onong, 2001).

Communicative communication is needed in building a good relationship between individuals within families and communities. Similarly, in every organization, that communication is very important as an effective tool in promoting and developing the organizations concerned. Here, organizational communication includes information from the employer formally distributed to the subordinate (downward communication) from subordinates to superiors (upward communication), the co-worker (horizontal communication) or between superiors and subordinates in the different units in a organization (cross channel communication).

Related to communication that exist in an organization, according to Hoskins (2007) views of the nature of communication among them is word of mouth communication or oral communication. According to him, communication is necessary for the internal and external organizations. Communication for internal purposes is as a means of coordination, control, any activity or activities in the organization of individuals and communally (together) at the management level and at the level of staff or employees. Here, the organization according to Hoskins (2007) serves as a forum for direct interaction that requires word of mouth communication that is a form of cooperation between two or more people in achieving the objectives to be achieved together. This suggests that any activity that occurs in organizations is the interaction between members of the organization directly to one of them through word of mouth communications. With the communication, an organization alive and growing dynamically. Organization without a communication, will lead all activity stops.

Meanwhile, word of mouth communication to external stakeholders by Hoskins (2007) aims to establish relationships with other organizations or parties concerned. An important organizational relationships with organizations outside of himself. Dalarn business cooperation, the communication through word of mouth will be more effective to establish a good bond with the organization because Iain will be able to build a strong emotional bond.

Kotler & Keller (2007) suggests that word of mouth Communication (WOM) or by word of mouth communication is a communication process for the provision of advice either individually or in groups for a product or service that aims to provide personal information. Communication by word of mouth is one of the channels of communication that is often used by companies that produce both goods and services for communications and word of mouth (word of mouth) is considered very effective in expediting the process of marketing and be able to provide benefits to the company. According to Kotler & Keller (2007), personal communication channel in the form of greeting or word of mouth (word of mouth) may be an effective method of promotion because it is generally delivered from consumers by consumers and for consumers, so consumers or customers can be satisfied to media advertising for the company. In addition, personal communications channels of word of mouth, is relatively large due to the through satisfied customers, referrals or references to products of the company's production will be more easily spread to other consumers (Kotler & Keller, 2007).

In line with the previous opinion, Siverman (2001) suggests the effectiveness of word of mouth communication (WOM) is inseparable from the nature of the communication which he defines as follows: "A form of interpersonal communication consumers Concerning Their personal experiences with a firm or a product".

From the above definition, Siverman (2001) argues that communication is word of mouth (WOM) is an interpersonal communication that occurs between individuals one individual to another based on the experience possessed by each individual to a company or product either in the form of goods or services. Support the notion Siverman, Hughes (2005) suggested the same thing that the word of mouth communication (WOM) is an effective interpersonal communication in affecting a person's attitude as in conveying information about products or services as contained in the definition of word of mouth communication as follows: " Communication about products and service 'Between WHO people are perceived to he independent of the company Providing the product or services, ma medium perceived to be independent of the conipanv ".

Based on the above quote can be interpreted that communication is word of mouth (WOM) is an interpersonal communication between or among individuals about a product or service, with status as a party that has no ties with the companies that produce goods or services. In other words, act as consumers or customers of a particular company or product Hughes (2005).

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Transformational Leadership Style

The word leadership certainly is not foreign to our ears, the word transformational probably unfamiliar to the ear most people (if the transformer must have a lot to know ... :D). Well ... the following will present some understanding of transformational leadership by some experts.

Yulk (1994: 11) says that the leadership (leadership) is the process by which individuals influence other group members to achieve organizational goals. Meanwhile, according to Robbins (2001) leadership is a relationship between a person with another person. Leaders are able to influence others to be willing to work together on tasks related to achieving what is desired.

A research body in his research found several variations of this model for understanding leadership. Some small details are very useful in theoretical research and find a multifactor model of Leadership, Bass, Yamarino, & Hater (in Corrigan et.al, 2002). In this model of transformational leadership put forward as an effective leader helps members of the group that is subordinate to change the shape of the program and develop the needs of their members. Transformational leadership goals achieved through charisma, inspiration, intellectual stimulant, and individual consideration to the interests of subordinates.

In Bernard Bass (1990), transformational leadership is a form of leadership where the leader is able to expand and improve working interest in their subordinates, the leadership system in which its leaders are capable of triggering sensitivity and acceptance of corporate vision, mission and goals, and where its leaders have control over their subordinates so that subordinates- subordinates are able to explore their potential for the progress of each company / group.

According to Burns (in Gardner and Stough, 2002). Transformational leadership in the other sense is the process of motivating subordinates in an attractive way to enhance the goals and values. Transformational leadership is also defined and interpreted as a vision for the organization and then inspire subordinates to participate in generating this view.

Leaders often review and make corrections to the performance of their subordinates and the leader has full control in running their organization. Transformational leadership in this regard to be important in survival. Based on the research of Olga Epitropaki, the system shows that transformational leadership:

1. Can significantly improve organizational performance 
2. Have a positive impact on long-term sales and customer satisfaction 
3. Enhance organizational commitment of subordinates 
4. Increase the confidence of employees and corporate behavior (organizational citizenship Behaviours)
5. Improve employee satisfaction with work and leadership 
6. Reduce the pressure of work and improve the welfare of employees

According to Robbins (2001) transformational leadership is a leader who can inspire their employees to better prioritize the progress of the organization rather than self-interest, giving attention both to employees and be able to change the consciousness of its employees in looking at old problems in new ways.

Transformational leadership is defined as involving a change of leadership in organizations. Leadership is also defined as an act of leadership requires the motivation of subordinates in order to be willing to work for high-level goals are considered to be beyond his personal interests at the time. Transformational leadership are indeed interpreted as true leadership, because leadership is really working towards the goal of the act of directing the organization to a destination that never achieved before. (Locke in Yanto 2004).

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Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)

Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is the contribution of individuals who exceed tuntuntan roles in the workplace and in the acquisition of performance-reward task. OCB included behaviors include menolonh behavior of others, to volunteer for extra tasks, adherence to rules and procedures in the workplace. This behavior indicates the existence of more value than employees.

Organ (1988) defines OCB as individual behaviors that are free and are not directly related to the reward system and can improve the functioning of the organization afaktif. According to Organ (1990), organizational citizenship behavior consists of five key dimensions: altruism, civic virtue, conscientiousness, courtesy, and sportsmanship. Some researchers have proposed variations of this framework, but this is the dimension of the five most commonly used in business literature (Organ & Ryan, 1995).

Organizational Citizenship Behavior Dimensions dimension

1.   Altruism (concern)

Is defined as taking over "voluntary actions that help others with problems related to work" (Podsakoff & MacKenzie, 1994, p. 351). This refers to taking time out of someone and personal schedule to provide help to someone in need. Altruism among employees can be a help to other employees who work overload.

2.   Civic virtue

Characterize a person who "participated in and care about corporate life". (Podsakoff & MacKenzie, 1994, p. 351). Enthusiastic commitment to the organization include a meeting or an actual role or voluntary choice, looking for ways to improve the way businesses operate, or oversee the corporate environment for opportunities or threats.

3.   Conscientiousness (Awareness)

Refers to placing a priority on "the presence, use of work time, and support for a wide range of regulations that exceed any minimum standards set forth" (Organ, 1990, p. 47). A person who is conscious of its responsibilities voluntarily take extra responsibility, on time, putting the interests of the keterperincian and quality of work, and generally doing "far above and beyond" the call of duty. Employees who are aware of its responsibility to arrive early, so it's ready to work when schedule starts working.

4.   Courtesy (politeness)

Include involvement in the "action to prevent the problems associated with the work and the other" (Podsakoff & MacKenzie, 1994, p. 351), showing body language or careful consideration of others, or "check", or "recognize" others before taking actions that will affect their work "(Organ, 1990, p. 47). Act of courtesy can include communicate regularly with colleagues so that they are not surprised when events fail to open the way they expected.

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The Effect Of Implementation Of Product Realization in ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System For Learning Student Achievement

Abstract

The purpose of this study were to: (1) Determine the significance of the influence of the implementation of Product Realization in ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System which consists of six sub-variables: planning product realization, customer-related processes, design and development, purchasing, production and service provision, and control monitoring and measuring equipment together toward student achievement. (2) Determine the significance of variables influence the planning of product realization of student achievement. (3) Knowing the significance of the influence of process variables associated with the customer on student achievement. (4) Determine the significance of variables influence the design and development of student achievement. (5) Knowing the significance of variables influence the purchase of student achievement. (6) Knowing the significance of variables influence the production and service provision on student achievement. (7) Knowing the significance of control variables influence the monitoring and measurement equipment to student achievement.

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Definition of Quality

Quality is very important for an organization, be it non-educational organizations and educational organizations. Quality itself has various meanings, as proposed by some experts the following: According to the M. Juran N. Nasution (2001), matches the quality of a product is the use of the product (fitness for use) to meet the needs and customer satisfaction.

Crosby in M. N. Nasution (2001) stated that quality is conformance to requirements, which is in accordance with the requirements or standardized. A product has a quality in accordance with our quality standards have been determined. Quality standards including raw materials, production processes and finished products.

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Maintenance Company

In the lower middle category of companies, maintenance is overlooked, because the activities are quite complex and not only done once only. Results of maintenance can not be perceived directly when put through the maintenance, but hasilnva can be felt in the future. If maintenance is not done, then the machines on a regular basis that the facility will be damaged, and eventually will be fatal to the detriment of the company. Felt the most impact is the reduction in economic life and the depreciation rate is high.

Lack of attention to maintenance of which is caused by the amount of funds required, and complexity of maintenance tasks. But for the company's operations, maintenance has become a dual function, namely the implementation and awareness for the maintenance of production facilities.

Maintenance is an activity to preserve or maintain plant facilities or equipment and make repairs or adjustments or replacements are needed so that there is a satisfactory operating condition in accordance with the plan.

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Factors Affecting Plant Siting

Plant site selection requires careful consideration. In the current management has decided to operate at a particular location, a lot of costs into fixed and difficult to be reduced. Location decisions often depend on the type of business. For the location decisions of industry, the strategy is a strategy commonly used to meminmalkan cost, is for business and professional services kidding, strategies that focus on maximizing revenue. However, warehouse selection strategy is determined by a combination of cost and speed of delivery. In general, the purpose of location strategy is to maximize profits for the company's location.

The options that exist within the site include:

1. Do not move, but expanding existing facilities 
2. Maintain the current location, while adding other facilities elsewhere 
3. Close the existing facility and moved to another location.

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Vision and Mission Business (Part 1)

Want to be Like Are We?

It's important for managers and executives in any organization to agree on the basic vision of the company to be achieved in the long run. A vision statement should answer the basic question, "Want to be like us?" A clear vision statement became the basis for the development of a comprehensive vision statement. Many organizations have both the vision and mission statement, but the vision statement should be created first. A vision statement should be brief, one sentence and is expected as many managers are required input in the development process.

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Definition of Strategic Management

Strategic management is an art and knowledge in formulating, implementing and evaluating decisions that cross-functional make a company achieve its goals. Sometimes, istilas strategic management is used to refer to the formulation, implementation and strategic evaluation. While the strategic plan refers only to the formulation of strategy. Strategic management goal is to exploit and create new and different opportunities for tomorrow; instead try to optimize today's trends for tomorrow. Term strategic planning first emerged in the 1950s and became very popular between the mid-1960s and the mid-1970s.

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