Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)

Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is the contribution of individuals who exceed tuntuntan roles in the workplace and in the acquisition of performance-reward task. OCB included behaviors include menolonh behavior of others, to volunteer for extra tasks, adherence to rules and procedures in the workplace. This behavior indicates the existence of more value than employees.

Organ (1988) defines OCB as individual behaviors that are free and are not directly related to the reward system and can improve the functioning of the organization afaktif. According to Organ (1990), organizational citizenship behavior consists of five key dimensions: altruism, civic virtue, conscientiousness, courtesy, and sportsmanship. Some researchers have proposed variations of this framework, but this is the dimension of the five most commonly used in business literature (Organ & Ryan, 1995).

Organizational Citizenship Behavior Dimensions dimension

1.   Altruism (concern)

Is defined as taking over "voluntary actions that help others with problems related to work" (Podsakoff & MacKenzie, 1994, p. 351). This refers to taking time out of someone and personal schedule to provide help to someone in need. Altruism among employees can be a help to other employees who work overload.

2.   Civic virtue

Characterize a person who "participated in and care about corporate life". (Podsakoff & MacKenzie, 1994, p. 351). Enthusiastic commitment to the organization include a meeting or an actual role or voluntary choice, looking for ways to improve the way businesses operate, or oversee the corporate environment for opportunities or threats.

3.   Conscientiousness (Awareness)

Refers to placing a priority on "the presence, use of work time, and support for a wide range of regulations that exceed any minimum standards set forth" (Organ, 1990, p. 47). A person who is conscious of its responsibilities voluntarily take extra responsibility, on time, putting the interests of the keterperincian and quality of work, and generally doing "far above and beyond" the call of duty. Employees who are aware of its responsibility to arrive early, so it's ready to work when schedule starts working.

4.   Courtesy (politeness)

Include involvement in the "action to prevent the problems associated with the work and the other" (Podsakoff & MacKenzie, 1994, p. 351), showing body language or careful consideration of others, or "check", or "recognize" others before taking actions that will affect their work "(Organ, 1990, p. 47). Act of courtesy can include communicate regularly with colleagues so that they are not surprised when events fail to open the way they expected.

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The Effect Of Implementation Of Product Realization in ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System For Learning Student Achievement

Abstract

The purpose of this study were to: (1) Determine the significance of the influence of the implementation of Product Realization in ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System which consists of six sub-variables: planning product realization, customer-related processes, design and development, purchasing, production and service provision, and control monitoring and measuring equipment together toward student achievement. (2) Determine the significance of variables influence the planning of product realization of student achievement. (3) Knowing the significance of the influence of process variables associated with the customer on student achievement. (4) Determine the significance of variables influence the design and development of student achievement. (5) Knowing the significance of variables influence the purchase of student achievement. (6) Knowing the significance of variables influence the production and service provision on student achievement. (7) Knowing the significance of control variables influence the monitoring and measurement equipment to student achievement.

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Definition of Quality

Quality is very important for an organization, be it non-educational organizations and educational organizations. Quality itself has various meanings, as proposed by some experts the following: According to the M. Juran N. Nasution (2001), matches the quality of a product is the use of the product (fitness for use) to meet the needs and customer satisfaction.

Crosby in M. N. Nasution (2001) stated that quality is conformance to requirements, which is in accordance with the requirements or standardized. A product has a quality in accordance with our quality standards have been determined. Quality standards including raw materials, production processes and finished products.

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Maintenance Company

In the lower middle category of companies, maintenance is overlooked, because the activities are quite complex and not only done once only. Results of maintenance can not be perceived directly when put through the maintenance, but hasilnva can be felt in the future. If maintenance is not done, then the machines on a regular basis that the facility will be damaged, and eventually will be fatal to the detriment of the company. Felt the most impact is the reduction in economic life and the depreciation rate is high.

Lack of attention to maintenance of which is caused by the amount of funds required, and complexity of maintenance tasks. But for the company's operations, maintenance has become a dual function, namely the implementation and awareness for the maintenance of production facilities.

Maintenance is an activity to preserve or maintain plant facilities or equipment and make repairs or adjustments or replacements are needed so that there is a satisfactory operating condition in accordance with the plan.

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Factors Affecting Plant Siting

Plant site selection requires careful consideration. In the current management has decided to operate at a particular location, a lot of costs into fixed and difficult to be reduced. Location decisions often depend on the type of business. For the location decisions of industry, the strategy is a strategy commonly used to meminmalkan cost, is for business and professional services kidding, strategies that focus on maximizing revenue. However, warehouse selection strategy is determined by a combination of cost and speed of delivery. In general, the purpose of location strategy is to maximize profits for the company's location.

The options that exist within the site include:

1. Do not move, but expanding existing facilities 
2. Maintain the current location, while adding other facilities elsewhere 
3. Close the existing facility and moved to another location.

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Production Capacity

The meaning here is the production capacity of long-term production capacity, the ability of the operating facilities for goods and services. Production capacity associated with costs to be incurred by the company to determine the amount of product that can be generated. If the high production capacity, the fixed costs incurred also great, if utilization is low, production costs will be expensive, so in order to determine the production capacity planning and research must be done first.

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Scope of Operations Management

The scope of operations management based on the interrelationship of three aspects, namely: 

1. Structural aspects, in the form of input that will be transformed according to criteria of the desired products, machinery, equipment, formulas and models. 
2. Functional aspects, namely the link between the component input, with interaksinyamulai of the planning, implementation, control, and improvements to obtain optimum performance, so that operations can be run continuously. 
3. Environmental aspects, is the tendency that occurs outside the system, such as community, government, technology, economics, political, social, cultural, demonstrated ability to adapt.

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Development of Operations Management

The first person who gives attention to the way of efficient production is Adam Smith, the author of The Wealth of Nations (1776). Adam Smith argued the advantages of the division of labor (division of labor), namely: 

• Increased skills or skills that a person if the person doing the work in the bear again, 
• Earned savings in time, because often the alternation of work from one job to another job,
• The discovery of specialized machines that only do one kind of work alone in a series of work.

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Operations Strategy - Area Production and Production Patterns

Before understanding about the process of operation, preceded by a broad understanding of the optimal production. Area of ​​the optimal production volume should be produced in one period for a profit. If the volume of production, then prices could be reduced, this could result in an increased value of the investment. But the consequences on cost savings, and increased maintenance costs. Whereas if the production volume is small, it will have an impact on the high cost of the product so there may not be able to meet market demand.

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Definition of Quality Products

Product quality is the understanding that the products offered by sellers have more selling points that are not owned by a competitor's product. Therefore, companies are trying to focus on quality products and compare them with the products offered by competitors. However, a product with the best view is not the highest quality products if the zoom is not needed and desired by the market.

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Stages of Plant Layout

Stages of setting the first production facility is to determine the layout of production facilities in every department, then the next stage to determine the layout of the department with other departments involved in the operation process. While the layout planning process step either in relation to the existing factors of production (relayout), and the replacement of production facilities for new plant (layout) are as follows:

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Stages of Plant Siting

To get the ideal location of the factory or the right, take a few steps that must be done, namely:

1. Determining regions (territorial), in which the plant should be established.

2. Determine the environmental community, the goal is to find out how people's attitudes towards the establishment of the factory plan, so we get the optimum location.

3. Choosing the best location, the alternative:

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This Type Of Plant Location

To determine the type of plant location, consider the following things:

1. Bound nature, when the product is produced using natural raw materials may not be moved so that people can not decide which company should be placed, such as gold mining plant, coal.

2. Based on history, when the hereditary location of the company in certain areas, such as batik area centered in Yogyakarta, Pekalongan and Solo.

3. Set by the government, so as not to disturb public order and safety, such as chemical plants is influenced by the economy, namely the availability of production factors.

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Production Capacity

The meaning here is the production capacity jangkapanjang produksii capacity, the ability of the operating facilities for goods and services. Production capacity associated with costs to be incurred by the company to determine the amount of product produced dapata. If the high production capacity, the fixed costs incurred also great, if utilization is low, production costs will be expensive, so in order to determine the production capacity planning and research must be done first.

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Product Positioning

In the process always starts positioning product positioning. This opinion was expressed by Regis Mc Kenna (1985: 37), which also suggests the definition of product positioning  as follows: "The positioning process Should begin with the products themselves. To gain a strong product positioning, a company must differentiate its product from all other products on the market. The goal is to give theproduct a unique position in the market place. " From the above definition implies that the positioning process should begin with the product itself.

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